Children are particularly vulnerable to the effects of certain food additives due to their developing bodies and lower body weight. While many additives are deemed safe for general consumption, some have been linked to adverse effects in children, ranging from behavioral issues like hyperactivity to allergic reactions. Understanding these additives is crucial for parents and caregivers.
This page highlights several E-codes that have raised concerns regarding children\'s health, detailing their effects and where they are restricted globally.
E102 Tartrazine
Use: A synthetic lemon-yellow azo dye commonly used as a food coloring.
Effects on Children: Linked to hyperactivity, behavioral changes, and allergic reactions such as asthma, hives, and skin rashes [1, 2]. Some studies suggest it may exacerbate ADHD symptoms [3].
Restrictions: Restricted in several countries. The EU requires a warning label on products containing Tartrazine stating: "May have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children." [4]. It is banned in Norway and Austria.
E110 Sunset Yellow FCF
Use: A synthetic orange-yellow azo dye used as a food coloring.
Effects on Children: Associated with hyperactivity and behavioral problems in children, similar to Tartrazine [1, 2]. It may also cause allergic reactions in sensitive individuals.
Restrictions: Like other 'Southampton Six' dyes, the EU requires a warning label. It is banned in Norway and Finland.
E124 Ponceau 4R
Use: A synthetic red azo dye used as a food coloring.
Effects on Children: Linked to hyperactivity and attention deficits in children [1]. Potential for allergic reactions, especially in individuals sensitive to aspirin.
Restrictions: Requires a warning label in the EU. Banned in the US, Norway, and Finland.
E122 Carmoisine
Use: A synthetic red azo dye used as a food coloring.
Effects on Children: Part of the 'Southampton Six' dyes linked to hyperactivity in children [1].
Restrictions: Requires a warning label in the EU. Banned in the US, Canada, Norway, and Japan.
E129 Allura Red AC
Use: A synthetic red azo dye used as a food coloring.
Effects on Children: Linked to hyperactivity and behavioral issues in children [1].
Restrictions: Requires a warning label in the EU. Banned in Denmark, Belgium, France, and Switzerland.
E104 Quinoline Yellow
Use: A synthetic yellow quinoline dye used as a food coloring.
Effects on Children: Part of the 'Southampton Six' dyes linked to hyperactivity in children [1].
Restrictions: Requires a warning label in the EU. Banned in the US, Canada, Norway, and Japan.
E211 Sodium Benzoate
Use: A common preservative used in acidic foods and beverages.
Effects on Children: When combined with artificial food colors (especially azo dyes), it has been linked to increased hyperactivity in children [1]. It can also form benzene, a known carcinogen, in the presence of Vitamin C.
Restrictions: While not widely banned, its combination with certain artificial colors is a concern, leading to recommendations for reduced intake in children.
The evidence linking certain food additives to adverse effects in children, particularly hyperactivity, is growing. While regulatory bodies continue to assess these links, many countries have taken proactive steps to restrict or require warnings for these additives.
As consumers, being aware of these E-codes and making informed choices can significantly contribute to the well-being of our children. Always read food labels carefully and opt for natural, minimally processed foods whenever possible.
References
[1] Food Standards Agency. (n.d.). Food additives. Retrieved from food.gov.uk
[2] Verywell Health. (2025, March 14). Potential Risks of Yellow 5 (Tartrazine). Retrieved from verywellhealth.com
[3] Healthline. (2019, July 25). FD&C Yellow 5: What It Is, Health Effects, Cancer Risk, and More. Retrieved from healthline.com
[4] European Food Safety Authority. (2008, March 14). EFSA evaluates Southampton study on food additives and child behaviour. Retrieved from efsa.europa.eu